Dr. Sheng Xiangyu: ADMS-Roads Validation and
its Application for Traffic Management Schemes
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This paper presents a study carried out at
South of England using ADMS-Roads. The town is located in an area
of complex topography either side of the River.
The landscape has the effect of road gradients in the
northern half of the town of up to 8%. Additionally,
the town has several narrow streets with tall buildings on either
side of the road. This
produces a street canyon effect that can result in a
re-circulation of air within the street during favorable
metrological conditions. Dispersion
of pollutants from the street is vastly reduced during these
periods and may be negligible.
This results in a build-up of pollutant concentrations to
several times those usually expected for a particular volume of
traffic. ADMS-Roads has been validated by using local
measurements. This work aims to address the issues associated with
gradient, and as previously consider the canyon effects along the
affected streets Published factors for altering emissions due to
additional or decreased load on the engine as vehicles pass up or
down hill, have been used [Hassel and Weber, 1997].
This work has indicated that locations within the town will
exceed the annual mean objective for Nitrogen Dioxide under the UK
Air Quality Strategy. Consequently, this assessment considers various traffic
management schemes to improve local air quality.
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Dr. Lai Ka-man: Outdoor airborne pathogens and
human health
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This presentation will report some of the outcomes from the first
meeting of the working group “Outdoor Airborne Pathogens and
Human Health in the UK, AirPath? This working group is funded
by the Natural Environment Research Council and the first meeting
was taken place at the University College London in July 2007.
This meeting is formed with UK and US researchers from various
disciplines such as medicine, aerobiology, physics, engineering
and other areas from universities, government bodies and
hospitals. The current information about outdoor airborne
pathogens and human health will be reviewed and the identified
potential research direction will be discussed in the
presentation.
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paper
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Prof. Xu Guiling: 城市环境与可持续发展
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一座城市建立和发展离不开特定地理环境。广州城市为有三江（西、北、东江）交会区位、江海一体的港口和背山面水城址、多元文化相互包容背景而保持2000多年长盛不衰的城市格局。在当代，广州已成为广东经济总量最高、产业和人口高度集聚、环境污染严重城市。妥善处理城市人口、资源和环境的关系，是城市可持续发展的关键所在，也是地理学面临的一个迫切问题。本文拟从广州城市环境历史变迁和现状分析出发，指出广州可持续发展应在生态优先原则下，保持经济适度增长、建立循环经济模式、控制过快人口增长，以求得资源永续利用，人与自然和谐发展，达到天人合一境界。
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Dr. Liang Qiuhua: Adaptive Quadtree Grid
Simulation of Different Flooding Problems
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Flood disasters, including coastal flooding and river inundation
are a major threat to human life and assets. With climate change,
and its effect on weather systems and mean sea level, the risk of
different types of flooding is expected to increase significantly
during the 21st century. Accurate and efficient flood
prediction methods are vital to assist engineers and managers
charged with flood risk assessment, prevention, and alleviation.
This work introduces a dynamically adaptive quadtree grid based 2D
shallow flow model for high resolution simulation of flood
inundation. The quadtree grid is constructed by recursively
subdividing an initial square domain into smaller quadrant cells
with mesh information stored in a simple hierarchical data
structure which facilitates local mesh refinement and dynamic
adaptation. With a quadtree grid, local topographic features, such
as dykes, levees and breaches in flood defences, can be
represented in a physically realistic manner. The quadtree grid
readily adapts to rapidly changing flow features, thus
facilitating accurate prediction of the flood front and its
routing. Results will
be presented for laboratory-scale floods induced by dam breaks and
simulated flood inundation over 36 km2 of the Thames
floodplain near London.
Full
paper
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Dr. Xing Yangang: Assessing sustainability
impacts of a built environment
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There is a growing requirement of the construction industry in the
UK and in other countries to adopt the principles of
sustainability in their activities and polices. Thus environmental
and societal aspects are increasingly being considered alongside
functional and economic issues by architects, surveyors,
engineers, project managers and others stakeholders for making key
decisions throughout the different stages in delivering a
constructed project. A range of indexes, tools, guides and
approaches are available to assist in the mainstreaming of
sustainability into constructed projects. However, current lack of
prioritization in sustainable development indicators has impeded
integrated assessment. This paper reports on the early outputs of
a current research project by the Universities of Dundee, and St
Andrews, supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council (EPSRC). The principal purpose of this specific
task is to determine what impacts should be included in assessing
sustainable built environment and how to assess the impacts. A
systemic review of sustainability assessment indicators is carried
out to provide an understanding of how these systems work and
inform how a sustainability accounting and assessment tool should
be developed in a holistic way.
Full
paper
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Prof. Du Peijun:
应用卫星遥感信息监测分析采矿环境影响的若干关键技术
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长期过量煤炭资源开采导致中国大量煤矿区都存在严重的生态环境问题，遥感信息是监测分析煤矿区生态环境损害有效的信息源。在分析煤矿区主要生态环境损害遥感信息机理与特征的基础上，结合常用遥感信息源、遥感信息处理与分析方法和矿区环境分析需要，对卫星遥感技术应用于煤矿区环境监测分析的一些关键技术进行初步探讨，并重点对多源遥感信息融合、矿区土地覆盖遥感分类、生态环境污染参数遥感定量反演、矿山典型污染源与污染动态遥感识别等问题进行了探讨，分析了国产遥感信息源在具体应用中的潜力和限制因素。
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Dr. Zhang Bo: Landfill Design: The Role of
Waste Barrier Interaction
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In China, with increased industrial and residential development,
municipal solid waste volumes and the demands for landfill are set
to increase. It is a requirement of the second version of ‘Law
of the PR China on Prevention of Environmental Pollution Caused by
Solid Waste? which has been released by Chinese government and
been effective since April 2005, that landfills for municipal
solid waste must be designed to prevent environmental pollution.
With large scale landfill sites under
construction, designers need to consider the stability and the
integrity of the lining system components in order to maintain
performance of the lining system during and post waste placement.
Advances in design and analysis tools have allowed improvements in
containment system design and associated improvements in
environmental protection. Design of landfill lining system should
consider the behaviour of the subgrade, the prevailing groundwater
regime, the individual lining systems components and their
interactions, and the complex loading regime introduced by the
waste mass.
The
waste mass presents the largest structural element and often
controls both the stability and integrity of the lining system in
a landfill (Jones and Dixon, 2003). For steep sided lining systems
which, for economical reasons, reply on waste support, waste mass
behaviour becomes even more important as it provides support to
the liner. Waste settlement also affects the lining system due to
the induced down drag force along the liner. This paper will
highlight the challenges associated with the design and operation
of large scale landfill sites, and will demonstrate a selection of
design and analysis tools and methodologies, which are currently
applied in the UK, that can be applied to improve design safety,
yet maintaining an economical design solutions for landfill design
in China.
Full paper
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Dr. Yang Yuesuo: In-situ remediation of
contaminated groundwater and soil: China perspective
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In recent decades great effort and research funding have been
spent on restoration of contaminated environments. Considerable
progress has been made in improving environmental quality but
challenges still exist in some areas, such as remediation of
contaminated land and groundwater, particularly with impact of
urban growth and on-going activities. To provide sufficient
remediation and protection for land and groundwater underneath,
minimize environmental risk in infrastructure maintenance and
urban re-development in terms of contamination remediation, it is
necessary to incorporate understanding of the sub-surface
conditions in the decision-making process. Characterization of
regional and site-specific hydrogeological systems plays an
important role in contaminated land and groundwater remediation
schemes. Advanced modeling techniques can realize and improve
characterization of complex hydrogeological systems. Numerical
models, such as MODFLOW, FEFLOW and MODPATH, provide
straightforward approaches for remediation designs. Sophisticated
combination of hydrogeologic simulation with mathematical
optimization is also a promising method to provide the best design
subject to certain constraints. Thus, a good understanding and
description of the system through numerical modeling is essential
for a successful remediation strategy.
In this presentation, China perspectives will be covered to
look at current situation and future trend of this field. The good
potential will be discussed by taking a most recent MOST 863
Project of using PRB and AS/BS techniques for shallow groundwater
contamination.
Full
paper
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Liu
Suyu: The
Biodiversity Problem in Tea-production: the Case of Fujian
Province, China
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Biodiversity is an important concept in ecology, agriculture and
also economics. This paper examines the biodiversity problem in
tea-production of Fujian Province, China. According to the
geographical and agricultural conditions in Fujian, this paper
will firstly describe the problem in detail with the help of
previous studies. It is the main contribution of the paper. In the
next section it will analyze some factors which contribute to the
problem. Then this paper tries to provide some suggestions to
solve or alleviate the biodiversity problem in Fujian
tea-production. Econometric analyses will be adopted when
necessary.
Full
paper
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Yang Jianhua: A Genetic Algorithm-Artificial
Neural Network Method for the Prediction of Longitudinal
Dispersion Coefficient in Rivers
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In this paper a novel method, Genetic Neural Mathematical Method (GNMM),
for the prediction of longitudinal dispersion coefficient is
presented. This hybrid method utilizes Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to
identify variables that are being input into a Multi-Layer
Perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which simplifies
the neural network structure and makes the training process more
efficient. Once input variables are determined, GNMM processes the
data using an MLP with the back-propagation algorithm. The MLP is
presented with a series of training examples and the internal
weights are adjusted in an attempt to model the input/output
relationship. GNMM is able to extract regression rules from the
trained neural network. The effectiveness of GNMM is demonstrated
by means of case study data, where the data had previously been
explored by other authors using various methods. By comparing the
results generated by GNMM to those presented in the literature,
the effectiveness of this methodology is demonstrated.
Full
paper
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Liang hong: Use of Waste Glass Aggregate in
Concrete
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The use of waste glass as aggregates in concrete was first
reported over 50 years ago. The concomitant alkali-silica reaction
(ASR) by using glass in concrete and its unique aesthetic
properties have been investigated since then. However, no complete
solution to ASR has been found and the application of glass in
architectural concrete still needs improving. Laboratory
experiments were carried out in this research to further explore
the use of waste glass as coarse and fine aggregates for the
decorative purpose in concrete. This finding was then applied into
the architectural concrete study as stated in the paper. Both
fresh and hardened properties of architectural concrete were
tested which demonstrated the practical use of the glass as
aggregates in concrete.
Full
paper
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Jiang Ping: Low Carbon Sustainability Method to
the China’s Building Sector
CARE
Student Best Paper Award
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Climate change is a global issue caused mainly by anthropic
activities related to fossil fuel’s consumption. China is the
second biggest greenhouse gases emitter with the fastest growth of
energy consumption in the world. China is facing big issues of the
environment and energy security. How can China tackle these issues
effectively is a key question to China’s sustainable development
strategy in new century. The proportion of energy used in
China’s building sector is around 30% of total energy
consumption at the moment and significant CO2 has been emitted to
the atmosphere from this sector since increasing energy demand
from fossil fuels like burning coal. Especially in non-residential
sector in Chinese big cities like Beijing and Shanghai, the level
of energy consumption is very close the energy used in US building
sector and even over
the average energy consumption in European building stock. This
paper presents the current energy consumption situation in
China’s building sector and explores the achievement on cutting
energy use and CO2 emissions has been made in UK building sector.
It draws a conclusion that a comprehensive low carbon
sustainability method which contains energy efficiency
improvement, people’s behaviour change and effective energy
management is a crucial solution to the sustainable development in
China’s building sector.
Full
paper
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Zhong zhiqin: FengShui ?A Systematic
Practice of Pristine Sustainable Development in Ancient China
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Creating & keeping balance is the basic and the most important
criteria in Chinese traditional philosophy. It provides the
fundamental philosophical basis for Chinese FengShui to pursue
balance, harmony and coexist between man and man, and man and
nature. Influenced by the traditional philosophy, Chinese FengShui
displays the feature of BALANCE in the design of living
environment and traditional natural settlement with many detailed
manifestations that embody representative sustainable characters.
1)From
the environmental and ecological perspective, FengShui emphasizes
on the sensitive use of natural energy, adequate exploitation of
natural resources, respect of local climatic condition and
consistent preservation of natural environment.
2)
From the perspective of social and cultural development,
the FengShui principle of balance influences people’s behaviours
in dealing with the harmonious interrelationship between man and
man in local community. Through the establishment of a social
system with balance and order, FengShui ?being a cultural and
philosophical tradition, confirms the group and individual
responsibilities in the protection of natural resources and
creation of biodiversity in local settlement.
3)
From the perspective of economic development, the spatial
isolation (of FengShui model) encourages local inhabitants to
adopt prudence behaviours in the use and exploitation of natural
resources. There is a need to maintain balance among production,
consumption and recycle & reuse of local materials in local
settlement/community in order to cope with the unpredictable
natural calamity and to prepare enough resources for the future.
Therefore,
it can be concluded that
1)
FengShui practice in searching for an ideal living
environment with balance between man and man, and man and nature
is also a course of systematic pristine sustainable development
and practice in ancient China. 2) The
sustainability of Chinese FengShui is based on the balance of
social, environmental, cultural and philosophical aspects, which
in fact are the social factors for contemporary sustainable
development. 3) Detailed
manifestations and design approaches of FengShui practice provide
valuable references as design factors for contemporary sustainable
development.
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paper
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Dr. Wang Nannan: An integrated sustainable
building design tool
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A tool to help design and construction teams integrate
sustainability into their decision making processes has been
developed by Faithful+Gould (F+G) and applied to the design of a
retail building in China. First, a list of sustainability options
that could be applied to the development in question is compiled,
drawing on a bank of best-practice design, engineering and
construction sustainability measures. Second, advantages and
disadvantages of all of the sustainability measures are explained
to a group of key project decision makers and stakeholders. Each
group member uses a decision-making matrix to evaluate the ease of
implementation and perceived environmental benefit of the
sustainability measures as they are presented. Third, the results
are analysed. Each sustainability measure is given a score that
reflects the group’s collective evaluation of its suitability
for the project in question. The sustainability measures are
ranked according to their score. Those sustainability measures
that receive good scores are costed by a quantity surveyor and
subjected to risk analysis. A multi-criteria analysis process
modifies the score for these options to reflect the associated
cost and risk. The sustainability measures that are most readily
implemented, deliver the greatest environmental benefit, for the
least cost and risk rank highest. Finally, the prioritised list is
used to select those sustainability measures that will be
implemented in the design and construction of the building. The
integrated sustainable building design tool helps key decision
makers to make explicit the trade offs between the environmental
benefits, ease of implementation, cost and risk associated with a
wide range of sustainable design and construction options.
Full
paper
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Chang Yen-Chiang: Stop Poisoning China
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The rapid economic growth in China has let to
the environmental downtown. Both internal and external incentives
cause environmental problems. Internally, China has less strict
environmental law and policy in comparison with developed
countries. Externally, cheap labours and resources have attracted
massive among of foreign direct investment. To stop posioning
China, internally, the Chinese Government needs to change its
attitude in terms of following the rule of law, public involvement
and transparency within the environmental decision-making
processes. While externally, there is a need to limit exporting
waste and low efficiency coal electric generation technique from
developed countries to developing countries like China. Developing
renewable energy, however, is the best option which can ultimately
lead to the objective of sustainable development.
Full
paper
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Cheng yuanyuan: A critical review of current
generic quantitative human health risk assessment practice in
China
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China is the most populous and fourth largest country in the world
(after Russia, America and Canada), but its available land
resource is limited both in quantity and quality. Its State
Environmental Protection Administration reports that 10% of
China’s arable land has been contaminated, and annually 12
billion kilograms grain is contaminated by heavy metals, resulting
in an economic cost of 20 billion Chinese yuan (?.3billion).
So does the soil concentration of the contaminants pose any risk
to people’s health? Generic Assessment Criteria (GAC) are used
during generic quantitative risk assessment level (GQRA) to
simplify the estimation, evaluation and communication of risk and
provide a degree of standardization in approach by different
parties or on different sites. Currently China has no human health
based GAC to help in GQRA. China’s Environmental Quality
Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995) was designed to apply mainly to
agricultural land and is based on ensuring crop safety. They are
not therefore suitable for other types of land use ?or
receptor. In addition, the derivation process of this standard is
not transparent. It is still a fact that environmental health risk
assessment is not required in China’s environmental assessment.
Thus, the standard technical framework for health risk assessment
in China is underdeveloped and suffers from a lack of GAC.
Full
paper
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Prof. Chao Jun: Sustainable and Therapeutic
Environment design for Hospital Architecture in China
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With the improvement of medical science and
technology, the healthcare requirements in modern society push the
hospital architecture into a bloom era at a tremendous speed. A
large amount of modern General hospitals have been set up in the
cities of China. However, the operation of hospital buildings need
large energy consumption and produce a large mount of dangers
wastes which may cause great influences on the ecological
environment. How to establish an efficient way to keep the
hospital buildings sustainable and economical became a broad
concern for the architects and healthcare providers. This paper
introduces therapeutic environment theory and brings forth design
principles based on the findings of Urich from Texas A&M
University, Professor Bryan Lawson from University of Sheffield
and other research in Netherlands. Fractal Geometry is also used
as quantitive tool to describe the shape for the hospital
expansion and renovation in the view of sustainable environment.
Some recommended models of hospital were set up in the paper in
order to make architects grasp the main point and make practical
use in hospital architectural design.
Full
paper
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Dr. Cai Xiaoming: Atmospheric quality in urban
canyon affected by turbulent exchange of air with free atmosphere
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It is well recognised that the built environment within urban
canopy has a significantly perturbed atmospheric quality in terms
of climatic elements as well as pollution levels. Due to the
complexity of dynamical processes involved, our understanding of
the controls determining the quality remains poor. This study is
focused on analysis of the results from Large-eddy Simulations of
prevailing “large-eddy?fields of the turbulent flow and
transport of scalars in and above an idealised urban street
canyon. Simulations
have been conducted for different canyon aspect ratios of H/W=1/3,
1/2, 2/3, 1/1, 3/2, and 2/1, where H
is building height and W
is street width. Wind
blows at a right angle to the canyon axis and emission is
specified as an area source with a constant concentration over the
street and/or the two walls. The statistical charateristics of
vertical velocity at the roof level are found to be dependent upon H/W.
The profile of
temporal-mean scalar flux at the roof level across the canyon is
indicative of the classical flow regimes widely accepted. The
results of the study may enhance our understanding of pollutant
dispersion and urban planning initiatives aimed at providing and
maintaining a desirable and sustainable urban environment.
Full
paper
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Dr. Li huipeng: Object-based conceptual
framework of risk assessment for water supply systems
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Due to the
complexity of water supply systems and the existence of multiple
hazards, it is not unusually difficult to obtain a comprehensive
risk assessment solely based on available risk techniques.
Following this awareness, this paper proposes an innovative method
to develop the frameworks for aggregative risk assessment of water
supply systems based on the concepts of the object-oriented
approach. The development of the framework is composed of two
parts as indicated by the risk assessment process: framework at
component level and framework at system level. At the component
level, object states transition diagrams are used to explicitly
describe the relationships between hazards/threats, component
failures, and negative consequences. Based on these relationships,
the framework at component level is thus developed to evaluate the
influence of multiple hazards on different components. At system
level, the whole/part relationship is used to represent the
hierarchical relationships and risk contributions from components
to the overall system. Risk assessment following the frameworks at
two levels will generate risk levels for the components, subsystem
and the overall water supply system respectively. Furthermore,
basic risk concepts including vulnerability, likelihood of
occurrence and consequence are also explicitly interpreted in the
frameworks. Even though the frameworks are discussed conceptually
in this paper, it is believed that these frameworks are useful to
provide more complete picture of the risks in the water supply
systems. Further quantitative analysis can also be easily
performed on this framework to generate reasonable results for
risk-based decision making.
Full
paper
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Ye Jing: The legislation framework of E-waste
management in China
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E-waste is an emerging issue in China driven by the rapidly
increasing quantities and the hazards involved as well as the
valuable materials in it. The present E-waste recycling and
disposal operations found in China have brought
serious and hazardous effects to environment as well as to
workers?and residents?health,
due to lacking professional and environmental sound technologies
or equipment and the imperfect E-waste management system.
Additionally, industrialized countries export E-waste to China
which made this issue more complicated. In response to the growing
concern on E-waste, the government and related management
institutions in China have started developing the legislative and
institutional framework for regulating importation and industrial
activities in E-waste recycling and disposal. This paper is a
situation analysis on the issue of E-waste in China and discusses
the basic elements and the exiting problems of the legislative
framework for E-waste management. The challenges and opportunities
concerned with the legislation framework for E-waste management in
China are analyzed to comply with the regulations in developed
countries and to achieve both economic
and environmental sustainable development. It is significant and necessary to strengthen
the legislative framework and regulatory institutions for E-waste
management in China to effectively control E-waste.
Full
paper
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Luo Jun: The Effect of Soil Dynamics on Metal
Uptake by Plants
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The supply of metals to both plants and a DGT (diffusive gradients
in thin-films) device is similar. It is controlled by diffusive
transport and affected by metal concentrations in the soil
solution, the pool size of readily available metal in the solid
phase and the porosity and tortuosity of the soil.
A systematic set of experiments have been undertaken to
investigate how the moisture content of three different soils
affects the concentration of metal in the roots and shoots of
wheat, lettuce and cress, the concentration in the extracted soil
solution and the concentration interpreted from the DGT
measurement. The moisture content only affected the concentrations
measured by DGT and in soil solution for the redox sensitive
metals Co, Mn and Fe. The dependency of metals in plants on
moisture content generally reflected the DGT and soil solution
measurements. Growing plants on the soil with lowest pH released
metals to the porewater, but appeared to diminish the pool
available to DGT from the solid phase.
Hyperaccumulator plants, Thlaspi caerulescens for Cd and Thlaspi
goesingense for Ni were grown in sandy and clay soil to further
investigate the effect of soil dynamics on their metal uptake.
Solid phase and soil solution together account for Cd uptake by
hyperaccumulator. Ni uptake by hyperaccumulator is partially
controlled by solid phase and complexation in soil solutions.
Full
paper
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Dr. Zhang Li: Remote sensing to retrieve soil
water holding capacity at within-field scale for precision
irrigation
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Water scarcity is a growing problem in the world due to social
economical development. Global warming makes the situation worse.
Under the pressure of tighter environmental legislations and
raising water price, farms need more efficient irrigation
techniques to secure their crop quality and production. Precision
irrigation can be one of the solutions, especially in a field
showing distinct soil variations. But the soil moisture
distribution at a within-field scale needs to be mapped.
Remote sensing technologies have long being an efficient means to
detect soil moisture, however, direct remote sensing can only
penetrate a few centimetres into the soil. Crops extract water
from the whole root zone. It is the soil water holding capacity of
the crop root zone that affects the rate of irrigation. This paper
uses archive true colour aerial photographs with the aid of crop
and soil field investigations to analyse the characteristics of
the crop patterns at a within-field scale and their relationship
with the soil water holding capacity distribution in the field and
finds that water sensitive crops can be used as an indicator to
retrieve water holding capacity of soils at within-field scale to
direct precision irrigation.
Full
paper
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Prof. Wang Hongping:
太湖各环湖河流水量、污染负荷月贡献特征－以2002年为例
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今年五月太湖蓝藻爆发在无锡引起的饮用水恐慌给太湖周边地区敲响了环境保护的警钟。围绕着?#35841;污染了太湖?#21644;?#34013;藻爆发是?#22825;灾?#36824;是?#20154;祸’”，公众发出了质问。本文根据各环湖河流入太湖断面2002年各月的水流通量和CODMn、BOD5和TP通量，分析各环湖河流三项指标的污染负荷分担率，并结合太湖水质状况分析环湖河流污染贡献与太湖水质分布的关系。
Full
paper
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Zhang Wei: Applications of Sulphur Black to
Poly (lactic acid)
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C.I. Sulfur Black 1 was used to dye environmentally friendly
fabric: polylactic acid (PLA). It is found that the color yield is
increased with the increase of dispersing agent concentration at
2.0% (on mass of fabric) dye content and reaches a maximum when
the dispersing agent content is 6g/l (liquid ratio 1:20). Further
increase in dispersing agent content will result in the decrease
of color yield. Under identical dyeing conditions, PLA has a
better color yield than poly (ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) due to
the low refractive index of PLA. The color yield is increased with
the increase of dyeing temperature up to 115ºC. Beyond this
temperature, the colour yield is reduced, presumably owing to the
formation of dye aggregations. The dye build-up effect is not
obvious, which can be ascribed to the relatively low affinity
between dye and fabric.
Full
paper
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Chen Shuo: Observation of Heat Island and Land
Use in Cambridge;
CARE
Student Best Paper Award
Thermal Generative Model for Energy Efficient Form Generation
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(1) This paper focused on the influence
of land use parameters on urban air temperature. The spatial
structure of the heat island intensity in Cambridge, UK, is
presented via two experiments devised for sensitive and
quantitative study. Analysis of the relation of air temperature
and factors of land use were done by theoretically comparison and
multiple regressions. Preliminary results confirm higher
temperatures and slower cooling in the urban sites and lower
temperatures in the subareas with vegetation and water body.
Full
paper
(2)
This paper develops a computational Makov Chain model to generate
prototype of architecture form with lowest heating primary heating
energy demand with sufficient parameter input including
surrounding environment data, urban configuration and architecture
parameters. This model also serves as a theoretical way to examine
traditional energy efficient strategy in a multi-factor and
evaluation based computer environment. Then several experiments
are devised, executed and reported, arguing that the most energy
efficient form varied in different climate environment,
architecture configuration, material parameters, urban context and
different energy criteria.
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Yu Lei: Evaluation of Soundscape and Other
Physical Comfort
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This is a high-speed world full of environmental and social
problems. Social well-beings in our city draw more and more
attention by urban designs and environmental scientists.
People’s perception of physical comfort in urban public open
spaces is an important component of social well-beings. However,
it is complicated to study social, physical environment and their
interaction with convention method. In this study, a method based
on the computer simulation of biological brain operation ?
artificial neural network (ANN), is introduced, aiming at better
understanding the effects of various factors on people’s
perception of physical environment and establishing an evaluation
system. Imitating brain function, ANN models can make predictions
from outside stimuli, which in this research relate to various
aspects of city ecology, and automatically learn from the real
world. ANN functions are particularly suitable for this study,
which needs building multiple and non-linear links among various
factors.
Through
a European Commission funded project under the Key Action 4
"City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage" from the
programme "Energy, Environment and Sustainable
Development", a large scale social survey was carried out
across Europe. A comparative survey was also carried out in
Sheffield, Beijing and Shanghai considering culture variation. A
database suitable for ANN modelling has been established based on
the above surveys. Relationships between soundscape evaluation and
other environmental factors are analysed, with three ANN models
considering thermal, lighting and visual evaluations respectively.
It
is expected that the results of this study will provide city
planners, landscape designers, and architects useful guidelines
and tools for designing city open spaces, from the early stage of
design. The application/introduction of ANN methods would also be
useful for other aspects of social research in architecture.
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